• Title of objective: "Training in 2D PIV (particle image velocimetry) imaging. Transfer this technique to the CEA".
• Type of project: Internationally mobile
• Duration: 2 months
• Location: Washington, USA

"The purpose of my mobility project has been to develop the skills to perform, analyse and understand the PIV technique for flow fields in complex geometry. I have chosen the Thermo-fluid lab at George Washington University because of their deep knowledge in such topic. Furthermore, they have a facility similar to the one I am using during my PhD project.

The project began with the purpose of making and analysing PIV index match measurements. Unfortunately, after the first few weeks of preparing the experimental setup, during a pressure test, so we decided to perform the analysis on experiments done previously on the same setup but never analysed. At the same time, I was able to learn how to perform PIV measurements on another type of setup, even more interesting but less related to my PhD subject: an entire sloshing swimming pool (yes, it was big enough you could actually swim inside!).

Beyond the professional aspect, this experience has also enriched me on a personal level. It was my first time in the United States and Washington, DC welcomed me with its heterogeneity of cultures that led me to change my point of view and challenge my beliefs. During the 3 months of the mobility project, I was able to travel and attend conferences and seminars in other cities as well, such as that of the American Physical Society in Phoenix and that of the American Nuclear Society in Washington, DC."

• Title of project: "Testing sensors on a nuclear reactor (European doctorate label)".
• Type of project: Internationally mobile
• Duration: 3 months
• Location: Ljubljana, Slovenia

Mobility objectives

"The scope of my mobility project, which was entitled SIM-IRRAD (Slovenian International Mobility at the Jožef Stefan Institute for an IRRADiation campaign preparation and radiation/matter simulations), concerned research work on innovative nuclear instrumentation for on-line measurement of key nuclear parameters in nuclear research facilities, such as neutron fluxes (thermal and fast). This international period ran from the end of September to the end of December 2021 at the Jožef Stefan Institute (JSI) in Ljubljana, Slovenia (Central Europe). This mobility project was made up of various Research activities such as 3D numerical simulation work of radiation/matter interactions with a Monte-Carlo code in neutron semiconductor detectors, preparation of their experimental study and their characterization during an irradiation campaign in the TRIGA Mark II type reactor at JSI. More specifically, the sensors studied were Silicon Carbide (SiC) p+n junction diodes, with or without a thermal neutron converter, and a single-crystal diamond detector (functioning as a solid-state ionization chamber). Some of the main activities carried out within the framework of this mobility project are outlined below:

• taking into account the working environment (reactor facilities, shielded cells, Tandetron gas pedal, laboratories) and developing sample holders for reactor experiments,
• preparing and carrying out experimental work in the TRIGA research reactor (in-core and out-of-core channels) during an irradiation campaign to study the response of SiC p+n diodes and the single-crystal diamond detector under different conditions (reactor power, bias voltage, irradiation duration, etc.) and in terms of pulses (shape, amplitude, area, rise and fall times, FWHM, count rate, PHS, etc.),
• 3D numerical simulations of the SiC-based detector (diodes, housing, screws, connectors and assembly system) for experiments in the reactor core channel, using the MCNP code to estimate neutron and photon fluxes, nuclear reaction rates in SiC, KERMA and absorbed dose rate (nuclear heating) for the various materials making up the SiC detector,
• preparation of joint publications between AMU (IM2NP, ISFIN), CEA (IRESNE), and JSI, as well as observation and participation in other irradiation campaigns and in practical activities and courses for students in the TRIGA reactor carried out during the stay."

Mobility opportunities

"The Jožef Stefan Institute, which was the host organization, is Slovenia's largest and leading research institute in several fields: Physics, Chemistry and Biochemistry, Electronics and Information Technology, Reactor Engineering and Energetics. The team that hosted me belongs to the physics department and is called Reactor Physics (F8). What's more, this institute is a key, Internationally-recognized partner and owns a nuclear research reactor: a TRIGA Mark II-type research reactor with a thermal power of 250 kW. This is a light-water pool-type reactor, cooled by natural convection and equipped with numerous irradiation channels in and out of the core. What's more, due to the absence of such infrastructures in France and the long planning process involved (financing, safety studies, preparation, etc.), it's quite rare during a PhD thesis to get such an opportunity.

This mobility has given me real professional experience abroad (more than a conventional conference) and will enable me to apply for the European Label, which will help to promote my thesis. This mobility also enabled me to increase collaboration with members of the Reactor Physics team and develop my network for my post-thesis activities.

Through the various activities I carried out, I improved my skills and knowledge in the field of nuclear instrumentation, by carrying out courses, measurements and experiments in a nuclear research reactor. In this way, it was a real and concrete opportunity to take my thesis work beyond the initial objectives by extending the study of SiC detectors to other, more extreme experimental conditions (nuclear reactor in addition to measurements in a Deuterium-Tritium mono-energetic fast neutron generator). Finally, during these three months, I improved my level of English, both on a technical and everyday level."

Highlights

"The most relevant point of my mobility concerning the activities carried out was the duration of the irradiation campaign. It lasted three weeks and enabled us to obtain more results than expected by carrying out in-depth parametric studies. In-core and out-of-core measurements were carried out for different reactor powers and neutron fluxes. In addition, different detector bias voltages were tested, in order to vary the sensitive zone known as the SiC p+n diode Space Charge Zone, and thus influence the charge collection efficiency of both types of detector. Different SiC p+n diodes with different active surfaces were also tested. A comparison of the impulse response of SiC p+n diodes and single-crystal diamond with thermal neutron converter (Bore-10 and Lithium-6 respectively), and a comparison of the response of SiC detectors with and without Bore-10 thermal neutron converter were carried out. In addition, I set up and operated a new acquisition chain with more powerful equipment such as fast current amplifiers and a digital oscilloscope with a sampling frequency of 20 GHz."

Socio-cultural appreciation

"It was my first time in Slovenia and, more broadly, my longest stay in a foreign country. Slovenia is a beautiful country, with truly unspoilt nature and very different landscapes (forest, lakes, mountains, sea, caves). Culturally, the country is influenced by its neighboring countries (Italy, Austria, Hungary and Croatia), which makes it all the more interesting in terms of the architecture of the buildings, the way of life of the people, the cuisine and local traditions. One very positive aspect is the friendliness of Slovenians towards foreigners, especially the French. I was really impressed by the welcome I received, both from my Slovenian scientific colleagues and from people in everyday life. As far as the capital, Ljubljana, is concerned, it's a beautiful city steeped in history, with many sites to discover and places to visit. What's more, the city is very well served by public transport, which makes it fairly easy to get around."

• Title of project: "Training in microscopic thermo-modeling techniques (experimental thesis)".
• Type of project: Internationally mobile
• Duration: 2 months
• Location: Montreal, Canada

"The aim of this project was to develop a theoretical model of thermal conductivity in porous media at Polytechnique Montreal's CRCT (Centre de recherche en thermochimie computationnelle) based on measurements carried out at IUSTI and data from the literature. The aim was to highlight the importance of microstructure for heat transfer in porous and ultra-porous media with unconnected solid phases, taking advantage of the expertise on the subject of the researcher who hosted me. We sought to characterize the influence of porosity on the evolution of thermal properties, considering different scales and the presence of gases. Particular attention was paid to the microstructural parameters of porosity: mean size, porosity distribution and the effects of porosity-microstructural parameter coupling (grain size, grain size distribution, grain boundary chemistry, microstructure configuration). CRCT's theoretical models were the basis for our modeling of matter at the microscopic scale in a theoretical way, from the molecular scale, to the grain size and porosity scale.

This mobility was a way of broadening my perspective on my thesis subject by taking a different, more theoretical approach. It also gave me a broader vision of what Research could be, especially in a foreign country and a different culture, which could influence my choices for the post-doctorate. It was also my first opportunity to travel in North America, where I was able to discover a common culture between Americans and French, which was a very enriching experience. Despite the cold and Covid restrictions, I was able to discover the joys of skating on frozen lakes and hiking at -20°C in magnificent landscapes. This mobility was very enriching from both a professional and personal point of view, which is why I encourage all PhD students to apply for this kind of unique experience and opportunity."

• Title of project: "Investigation on the depth profile of deuterium implanted in tungsten oxide through NRA (Nuclear Reaction Analysis) measurements".
• Type of project: Internationally mobile
• Duration: 3 months
• Location: Ljubljana, Slovenia

• Title of project : "Analytical aspects of a 6-field fluid model with linear pressure energy".
• Type of project: Internationally mobile
• Duration: 3 months
• Location: Saskatchewan, Canada

"Within the frame of the Ph.D. project being carried out at the University of Aix-Marseille by myself, Daniele Villa, in the PTM team (PIIM UMR 7345), a mobility period to the University of Saskatchewan, in Saskatoon (Canada), took place from the 1st of March to the 31st of May. During this time my supervisors (Olivier Agullo and Nicolas Dubuit) and I collaborated with the host researcher, Prof. Andrei Smolyakov, on a number of topics that had been agreed upon before the start of the collaboration.

In order to better explain the work done, here follow a few words on the topic of the Ph.D. In the field of plasma physics, specifically of thermonuclear fusion by magnetic confinement, an area where the knowledge of the community is still incomplete is that of the interaction between turbulence and magnetic islands. Turbulence refers to the small-scale fluctuations of the plasma that give rise to flows and diffusion in the fluid, affecting the performance and stability of a potential nuclear reactor, while magnetic islands are large scale phenomena linked to the modification of the magnetic field used to confine the plasma itself. Magnetic islands are known to be particularly problematic for a potential reactor as their presence increases the risk of abrupt ejections of heat from the plasma (a so-called disruption) that would damage the machine, while at the same time limiting the maximum performance achievable. The complex dynamics and high computational cost to investigate such interaction has caused a reduced number of studies to be carried out on the topic. The team in Marseille has, however, developed a fluid code named "AMON" that allows to study self-consistently the interactions on such a wide spectrum of spatial and temporal scales, making the study of such interactions possible, and indeed already happen in certain contexts (Dubuit, PoP, 2021; Muraglia, PRL, 2011; Agullo, PoP, 2017).

The original goal of the Ph.D. project was that of focusing specifically on this interaction, exploring different contexts and scenarios, using a model recently developed by the TPM team at the University of Aix-Marseille (Frank et al., PoP, 2020) to carry out numerical and analytical studies. This model is based on the more streamlined and computationally light models already in use in the team, that have been extended with the specific goal of carrying out studies like the one envisioned for the Ph.D. project, related to phenomena of relevance for real-world applications.

Over the first year of the project, however, it became clear that the model itself needed some refining and reviewing to better suit the task, especially when an interesting and never before observed phenomenon related to the plasma pressure increasing in the presence of magnetic islands appeared in simulations. This result is not only new and unforeseen, but potentially far-reaching in its consequences for the analysis of real-world discharges, as the state-of-the-art understanding of magnetic islands dynamics is that pressure should be flattened inside the region of the plasma contained in the island (Fitzpatrick, 1995), and not show the local increase we get in our simulations, thus a very interesting new venue for investigation could be opened by our results.

Since this heating phenomenon, that constitutes the subject of a paper soon to be submitted, was made possible by some specific terms in the model that the team in Marseille had never dealt with before, the help of an external expert was sought, and Prof. Andrei Smolyakov showed interest in the subject.

The University of Saskatchewan hosts not only very prominent scientists for the theory of plasma physics, but also a number of experiments in the field, including a small compact Tokamak, known as STOR-M. I had the chance to learn about this machine and meet the people who conduct experiments on it during my stay.

Indeed, the first month and a half of the mobility was dedicated to identifying, understanding and fixing certain issues existing within the model, which more or less led to the model being rebuilt from the ground up, with significant improvements in its physical basis and reliability. Comparisons of this model to other existing and similar models ( GBS as described in Giacomin, submitted, 2021 and GRILLIX as described in Appendix A of Zholobenko, PPCF, 2021 ) were carried out, finding that, in the appropriate limits, the equations matched those of these pre-existing models. A consequence of this is that the model is now capable of allowing more in depth and accurate studies of the non-linear dynamics of systems, that will be crucial going forward in the Ph.D. to study the aforementioned interaction between magnetic islands and turbulence. It is also the case that the team in Marseille can now, to a degree, replicate and validate studies done by the teams using the codes indicated above, that, to our knowledge, have not been used to study the dynamics of magnetic islands yet. The focus was then shifted to the implementation of the new model into the existing numerical framework AMON established at the TPM group at the University of Aix-Marseille. This required some time to implement all the new elements of the model and properly test the code, making sure that results were reliable and understanding the properties of the new model.

With this new model the analysis done about the heating effect was carried out a-new, recovering the previous results, along with some new interesting elements, with a more robust model and a better understanding, on my part at least, of the physical processes involved, thus leading to the revision of the paper that is going to be submitted in the coming weeks.

The remaining time in Canada was spent, on the one hand, further working on the model to recover, with this more rigorous approach, certain features present in Frank et al., PoP, 2020, that had been put aside in the re-derivation of the new model, which will be useful for the continuation of the Ph.D. project. Such elements include the neoclassical terms, that allow to study a group of phenomena of great interest for modern fusion experiments, like Neoclassical Tearing Modes, a particular type of magnetic island that arises in large scale experiments limiting their operational possibilities, and that we plan to start including in our analysis in the near future. These neoclassical terms are not often included in fluid codes, but including them, in the appropriate regime, might provide further insight into the dynamics of real-world plasmas. On the other hand, during the remaining time in Saskatoon, the topic of the properties of turbulence itself in thermonuclear plasmas was expanded upon, in particular the effect of the plasma pressure on turbulence, as the turbulence transitions from electrostatic to electromagnetic. This is the second element that I'll need to study in detail in the remainder of my project to then move to the analysis of the interaction of this with magnetic islands.

On this latter point, the work in the paper by Hirose, PoP, 2000, was re-analyzed from a numerical as well as analytical point of view, which is of particular interest going forward in the Ph.D. as the interaction between magnetic islands and turbulence we aim to study is of particular interest when it comes to Ion-Temperature-Gradient turbulence, studied in the above mentioned paper, that is particularly active in the core region of thermonuclear plasmas. Indeed, going forward, we aim to study more in depth the generation of magnetic islands by this kind of turbulence, the way the turbulence interacts with a pre-existing island and, finally, how this extends to the case of Neoclassical Tearing Modes, which will be of great interest for real-world applications.

The paper is also carried out, for a good portion, with a kinetic model, which is a much more fundamental description of the dynamics of plasmas compared to the fluid model described above. This approach to the study of plasma physics had not been explored in depth in the Ph.D. project up to this point, and this allowed me to obtain meaningful insight and skills on this topic.

The work done on the paper by Hirose was also a chance to develop code that could be applied to answer concrete questions, like finding eigenvalues for differential equations, and was also a chance to go hands-on with programming techniques such as multi-process parallelization with MPI and GPU computing, of which, up to this point, I had mostly been a user, never a developer.

As can be seen the mobility period lead to concrete and significant results already, that are in line with the initial goals we had set for ourselves, and has provided a lot of interesting material to work on for time to come.

On a more personal note, the possibility of dedicating myself to the task of analyzing and re-building the model from a first principle perspective has provided me with very precious insight, that I felt I was lacking with the more numerically-centered approach we were using in Marseille, and I thus feel like I have acquired a much more solid knowledge and understanding of the fluid description of plasmas. This will be invaluable going forward in the Ph.D. project and in my research career.

Also invaluable is the lesson learned when looking back on the work done thus far in the Ph.D. project of truly applying critical reasoning when approaching a problem and being presented with results, going in depth until all questions are answered.

More generally, the possibility of shifting perspective and getting input from new and different sources has proven very beneficial.

While I wasn't able to create a lot connections with researches working in a field similar to mine, since, like in Marseille, not many people work on a topic similar to mine at the University of Saskatchewan, I still had the chance to learn a lot about other fields of research by meeting colleagues and other students, as well as by learning about the research being carried out at the University of Saskatchewan. This was also a useful lesson in carrying out work independently, as not having frequent contact with my supervisors forced me to deal with problems on my own and "learn by doing".

Still, at the University of Saskatchewan there are numerous interesting fields of research being explored, not only in Physics, so I got to discuss with people working on cold/dusty plasmas, veterinarians, cancer researchers and many others, in a stimulating and dynamic environment. Learning about the realities of the education system in North-American countries has also been extremely eye-opening and invaluable even for future life choices.

Visiting Canada has been an extremely exciting experience, that allowed me to meet people from many various, and different to my own, backgrounds, discover what life is like in a North American country and travel to places that I might not have had the chance to visit as easily otherwise, both cities and wild areas. Coming from two years of Covid-19 pandemic, the possibility of traveling across the ocean and working with people face-to-face has been a very welcome change.

In conclusion, the experience has been very positive and formative, and I consider periods of mobility like these to be fundamental in the education of young researchers, and young people more in general. I am very grateful for the chance I was given by the University, and for the funds dedicated to this project by the ISFIN, as well as to my supervisors for according me the time and to the host researcher for taking on the project.

This is an experience I'll definitely support and encourage others to undertake in the future."

• Title of project : "Collaboration WEST/DIII-D on tungsten erosion, redeposition and transport in tokamaks".
• Type of project: Internationally mobile
• Duration: 2 months
• Location: San Diego, USA

"A collaboration between the IRFM, CEA research institute in France and the DIII-D National Fusion Facility, operated by General Atomics (San Diego) was made possible thanks to the ISFIN mobility project (international mobility for PhD students). The objective was to verify and validate the predictive capabilities of codes currently used for estimating W sources at divertors and impurity transport in SOL plasma through an experiment. Five biased samples were inserted into DIII-D lower divertor using the Divertor Material Evaluation System (DiMES) manipulator and exposed to constant L-mode attached plasma conditions. The samples were manually coated with Carbon microsphere in the weeks prior to the experiment. Plasma conditions at the lower divertor were optimized to obtain the best compromise between emissivity of eroded material and high screening above the target. W sources were monitored with in situ visible spectroscopy, imaging, VUV, LP, and Thomson scattering. The in situ measurements were then complemented by post-mortem analysis for measuring the net erosion of W. The experimental erosion data were finally compared with simulations done with the ERO2.0 code. The experience was enriching not only from a technical point of view but also from a personal point of view, offering the opportunity to visit and learn about a similar but at the same time distant culture as that of Western America.

PhD Topic and scientific context

The PhD topic is mainly concerned with the study of erosion and redeposition of W using quasi-analytical models. The main objective is to understand what are the main drivers underlying erosion in order to implement them in reduced models. In particular, the focus is on the effect of sheath potential drop, ionization coefficients, and incident distributions in the final estimation of erosion and redeposition. The experiment performed in the project is a key step in the thesis. In fact, this fits perfectly into the study plan, enriching it with the possibility of planning and co-conducting an experiment. The DIII-D tokamak was particularly suitable for the purpose. In fact, the uniqueness of DIII-D is that it is equipped with the DiMES system through which it is possible to insert and remove W surfaces at each shot at the lower divertor. Moreover, DIII-D is a reactor that does not normally employ W hence it is easy to isolate the contribution of local sources. To give an idea, in the WEST tokamak currently in use at CEA by IRFM this would not have been possible. In fact, since the machine is completely covered in W and without systems such as DiMES, figuring out the cause of erosion at the divertor is a very complex challenge linked to integrated effects.

Timeline summary

The project lasted about six weeks. The timeline observed during the tenure is proposed in this section. In the first week an erosion study was devised based on sample design, the purpose was to predict where the W might be most eroded/redeposited. In the second and third weeks, a so-called mini-proposal was drafted in which the reasons for requesting the experiment were justified and the required plasma conditions were engineered (such as Power in input, which heating system to use, which probes, etc.). At the same time, once the samples were received, they were analyzed under an optical microscope and covered with microspheres with an average diameter of 6 μm, by hand. The morphology of the samples was analyzed by electron microscope (SEM) before erosion. In the fourth week, some preliminary meetings were made and the experiment was finally carried out. In the last two weeks, the post-exposure sample morphology was compared with the pre-exposure morphology, at the same time a comparison study was made between temperature and electron density data measured with Langmuir probes and Thomson scattering. Finally, a set of simulations with ERO2 was produced by taking as input the experimental electronic density and temperature measures.

Cultural aspects

America has amazed me on a personal level. The work culture is full of optimism, positivity, and team building. It really pushed me to give my best and enjoy the work there. At the same time, San Diego special microclimate makes it an oasis in the desert. Temperatures are almost always pleasant and thanks to the lack of rainfall it seems always summer. However, there are not only positive sides, in particular I noticed an extreme use of private vehicles (a problem also present in Europe), one must always go by car, both for safety and for lack of public transportation. Finally, there are obvious problems of homelessness especially around downtown. Still though, to have a research experience I think it is an excellent place."

• Title of project: "Study of coherent fluctuating structures in the RAID helicon plasma device at the Swiss Plasma Centre, EPFL".
• Type of project: Internationally mobile
• Duration: 3 months
• Location: Lausanne, Switzerland

"The purpose of my mobility was to conduct an experimental campaign on the RAID device at Swiss Plasma Centre in order to investigate the occurrence of coherent fluctuations and characteristics and to apply the analytical model currently being developed to investigate the stability of MISTRAL (a linear plasma device at PIIM laboratory to study cross field plasmas) plasmas to RAID plasma conditions. The key distinction between the two devices is that MISTRAL employs a DC discharge to produce plasma from a hot electron beam whereas RAID uses high-power helicon sources. This provided me with an opportunity to work on a linear plasma device having a different source configuration and thus different characteristics from that of MISTRAL.

I measured the plasma characteristics (number density, electron temperature, plasma potential, and floating potential) using the Langmuir probe diagnostic available on the RAID device. We find out that in order to apply our model to the RAID plasma, one of the fundamental assumptions used in the model needs to be removed which can be one of the future perspectives of my current work. It was a great experience to work in a completely new environment. Additionally, it gave me the opportunity to see research from a wider perspective, especially when conducted in a foreign nation with a distinct culture.

However, since it was the summer period (June-August) and I lost a few days of work since some of the individuals I was meant to work with were on vacation, the timing of the mobility was not ideal. Apart from that, everything goes well, and it was an entirely different sort of experience.
Since EPFL is housed in Lausanne, Switzerland, I got the opportunity to explore this picturesque region, which was a visual feast. The people in the laboratory were very welcoming and helpful. It took very little time to feel at ease in the new surroundings. "

• Title of project: "Advanced neutron and photon flux characterization in the irradiation channels of the CNESTEN's TRIGA Mark II reactor".
• Type of project: Internationally mobile
• Duration: 2 months
• Location: Rabat, Morocco

"As a third-year Ph.D. candidate, I am working on the experimental characterization of the irradiation channels of the CNESTEN1's TRIGA Mark II research reactor located in Rabat, Morocco. This type of reactor is specially designed to effectively implement the various fields of nuclear research such as Neutron Activation Analysis, education and training, Neutron Radiography, Detectors testing and radioisotopes production. During my PhD first year, I developed a complete computational model of the TRIGA reactor using the 3-D continuous energy Monte-Carlo code TRIPOLI4® in order to support planning, design and implementation of new experiments within and beyond the reactor core. Moreover, during my first Ph.D. year, measurements based on neutron activation technique, were carried out in order to characterize the neutron flux in different irradiation channels of the CNESTEN's TRIGA reactor. The latter study was carried out as part of the bilateral collaboration between the French Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission (CEA) and the CNESTEN. This collaboration has been established in order to accurately characterize the irradiation and instrumentation channels of the CNESTEN's TRIGA reactor. Therefore, the work carried out during my thesis should make it possible to extend the experimental validation base of the CNESTEN TRIGA calculation scheme, by proposing, carrying out and analyzing experiments to characterize the neutron and gamma fields at different locations. A critical analysis of this computational model will then be carried out in order to improve its performance with regard to the important parameters during the qualification of nuclear instrumentation.
In January 2022, ISFIN has agreed to finance my mobility project to the CNESTEN. The project as built and presented in the proposal will allow me, on the one hand, to improve and strengthen my scientific and technical skills by carrying out and following up closely new experiments in the reactor (neutron activation technique, ionization chamber measurements and nuclear heating measurements). On the other hand, spending 6 weeks interacting and scientifically exchanging with the nuclear experimental reactor team/community at the CNESTEN will be a great opportunity for me to develop disciplinary and inter-disciplinary skills in the nuclear instrumentation and it will inevitably have an eminent impact, a capital gain and a benefit on my PhD work.

Through this mobility project, I was able to conduct an experimental campaign combining different nuclear measurement methods and techniques that will enable me to strengthen the knowledge of neutron and photon flux within and around the reactor core. Eventually, the characterized irradiation positions will be used, firstly, to validate the computational model of the reactor and, secondly, to both test and calibrate innovative nuclear instrumentations before their implementation in nuclear power plants, and to carry out experiments allowing the improvement of existing knowledge on fundamental parameters in nuclear physics.
I would like to thank the Institut Sciences de la Fusion et de l'Instrumentation en environnements Nucléaires (ISFIN) for funding this mobility project. I would also like to thank the members of the CNESTEN's TRIGA reactor, for providing suitable working conditions and for their valuable technical support to carry on the experiments in the reactor."

• Title of the objective: "Physics informed Neural Network to solve Vlasov-Poisson equation".
• Type of project: Internationally mobile
• Duration: 3 months
• Location: Julich, Germany